| Positioning Accuracy | 30% | 10–30 cm median error in line-of-sight indoor conditions | Approximately 10–50 cm, depending on anchor geometry, multipath, calibration, and line of sight | Report median, 90th-percentile, and maximum error across static and moving test routes | Excellent | Accuracy normally decreases in metal-dense areas, around occlusions, and when anchor placement is poor |
| Update Latency | 15% | Under 100 ms end-to-end for responsive tracking | 20–100 ms for common real-time tracking configurations; higher rates increase airtime and power use | Measure timestamped air-interface delay plus gateway, processing, and application delay | Excellent | Latency should be tested at the planned tag count and during peak network traffic |
| Update Rate | 10% | 10–50 position updates per second, matched to the application | 1–100 updates per second are technically possible, but practical rates depend on channel access, range, and battery requirements | Verify sustained update rate, packet loss, and accuracy while tags are moving at operating speed | Good | High update rates are useful for robotics but may reduce battery life and increase spectrum occupancy |
| Tag Power Consumption | 15% | Average operating power below 50 mW for battery-powered tracking tags | Roughly 10–100 mW average during active ranging, with much lower sleep power in duty-cycled designs | Measure average current over a complete duty cycle, including ranging, processing, radio transmission, and sleep | Good | Battery life depends on update rate, transmit power, temperature, battery capacity, and power-management firmware |
| Security and Anti-Spoofing | 15% | Authenticated ranging with cryptographic integrity protection and secure key management | IEEE 802.15.4 security commonly supports AES-128-based protection; IEEE 802.15.4z Secure Training Sequence improves resistance to certain ranging attacks | Verify secure boot, signed firmware, key rotation, replay protection, access control, and resilience against relay or impersonation attempts | Excellent | Security must cover tags, anchors, gateways, cloud services, provisioning, maintenance interfaces, and stored location data |
| Scalability | 5% | Support the required tag population without unacceptable collision or latency growth | Capacity varies widely; scheduled access, synchronized anchors, channel planning, and location update rate are major factors | Test the intended number of concurrent tags under worst-case traffic and interference conditions | Good | Large deployments may require multiple zones, timing coordination, edge processing, and careful channel reuse |
| Coverage and Reliability | 5% | At least 99% valid position availability in the defined operating area | Indoor coverage is strongly affected by anchor height, obstruction, antenna orientation, and environmental change | Record position availability, packet delivery, outage duration, and error distribution across the full site | Good | Redundant anchors and sensor fusion can improve availability in warehouses, factories, and high-obstruction environments |
| Deployment Cost | 5% | Plan a complete cost model rather than evaluating hardware price alone | Small pilots may cost several thousand US dollars; multi-zone deployments can reach tens or hundreds of thousands, depending on scale and installation work | Include anchors, tags, gateways, cabling, mounting, calibration, software, integration, training, maintenance, and replacement units | Acceptable | Installation labor, site surveys, network integration, and recurring software or support fees can exceed radio hardware costs |